Collecting and Preparing a Sycamore Seed for Planting

The American sycamore tree flowers in spring and completes seed maturity in the fall. Ending the maturation process as early as the first of September and continuing through November, the sycamore seeds ripen and are ready for collection and preparation for planting. The fruiting head is persistent and will delay seed drop out of the fruiting ball until January through April. The best time to collect the fruiting balls or heads, usually directly off the tree, is just before they begin to break up and the hairy-tufted seeds start falling. Easier picking is after the fruiting head turns brown but waiting to just after leaf fall. Because these seed heads are persistent on limbs, collections can be made into the next spring and usually make sycamore the last fall-maturing species to be collected in the Eastern forest. The California sycamore matures much earlier and should be collected during the fall season. Collecting Sycamore Seed for Planting Picking fruit heads by hand from the tree is the most common method of collection. At the northern and western limits of the range of sycamore, intact heads can sometimes be found and collected off the ground late in the season. After collecting these fruiting bodies, the heads should be spread in single layers and dried in well-ventilated trays until they can be broken apart. These heads can look dry on collection but layering and venting are essential, especially with fruit heads that are collected early in the season. Early ripening seed can have moisture contents as high as 70%. Seeds from each head should be extracted by crushing the dried fruit heads and removing the dust and fine hairs that are attached to the individual achenes. You can easily do small batches by hand-rubbing through hardware cloth (2 to 4 wires/cm). When doing larger batches, it is advised to wear dust masks as the fine hairs that are dislodged during extraction and cleaning are a danger to respiratory systems. Preparing and Storing Sycamore Seed for Planting Seeds of all sycamore species do just fine in similar storage conditions and can be easily stored for long periods under cold, dry conditions. Tests with sycamore seed have shown that at moisture contents of from 5 to 10% and stored at temperatures of 32 to 45  °F, they are suitable for storage for up to 5 years. American sycamore and naturalized London plane-trees have no dormancy requirements and pre-germination treatments are usually not required for adequate germination. Germination rates of California sycamore do increase from moist stratification storage for 60 to 90 days at 40 F in sand, peat, or sandy loam. To maintain low seed moisture under moist storage conditions, the dried seeds must be stored in moisture-proof containers, such as polyethylene bags. The rate of germination can be easily tested on wet paper or sand or even in shallow dishes of water at a temperature of around 80 F over 14 days. Planting Sycamore Seed Sycamores are naturally sown in the spring and you should mimic those conditions. Seeds should be placed in soil no deeper than 1/8 inch with each seed about 6 to 8 inches apart for proper spacing. Small, shallow starter trays with potting soil can be used to start the new trees and adequate soil moisture must be  maintained and trays placed under indirect light. Germination will take place over approximately 15 days and a 4 seedling will develop in less than 2 months under optimal conditions. These new seedlings then need to be carefully removed and transplanted from trays to small pots. Tree nurseries in the United States typically outplant these seedlings at one year from germination as bare root seedlings. Potted trees can go for several years before re-potting or planting in the landscape.

Imperialism of India by Britain Essay - 571 Words

Imperialism is the domination of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country. Imperialism is more often than not fueled by two major schools of thought known as nationalism and Social Darwinism. Nationalism is a feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country. This can drive a person to think that their country is the most powerful, and in essence drives that person mad with power and a hunger to conquer, which not ironically is exactly what many countries did. Social Darwinism is the very idea that a more powerful country conquer the smaller countries. â€Å"Survival of the fittest,† as the well renowned Charles Darwin used to say. Imperialism is also sometimes sparked by military motives, such as when USA set up†¦show more content†¦Then there’s the negative which may take away a colony’s individuality and spark rebellion. Britain’s a great example because we see an economic growth and a modernization of Ind ia, but we also see the rights of the people slowly fading into the shadows. Britain took over India after a brief struggle with France; initially to aid in its economy; mainly its textiles. The plan was to have Indians harvest raw materials to ship back to Britain. Britain would therefore have cheap raw materials sent back to them; because India was mercantilist (could only trade with the mother country) they did not have much of a choice but to sell to Britain cheaply. Britain therefore always had a steady source of raw materials Britain would turn raw materials into finished products that it would ship back to India and sell to Indians. Prices for goods were low and Indians liked that, but also Britain had a steady source of income. The most useful Indian industry for Britain was its cotton industry; Britain often used Indian cotton for clothing. India made for a cheap way to assemble (cheap labor) and an easy way to get business. For Britain, there was barely a negative side to imperializing in India. British citizen did not change the way they went about their day at all. Prices of goods dropped which, of course made life easy, but nobody lost sleep over the colonization. Britain’sShow MoreRelatedBritish Imperialism in India Essay706 Words   |  3 Pagesgiven the people of India the greatest human blessing - peace.† (Dutt). Merely coming to India in the 1600s to trade, the British East India Company established trading outposts. After ridding of French influence in India during the Seven Years’ War and having Indians mutiny against British rule, Britain gained full control of India. India has been under the imperialist control of the British until their independence in 1947. British imperialism caused some negative effects on India through poverty andRead MoreBritish Imperalism in India Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pages Britain had a desire to have a more economic, political, and social influence over India. Even though the British ne ver preserved a notable military existence in India, they were able to maintain political control. Many changes were made, which benefitted India, but there were also some changes, which contributed to its deterioration. Despite the negative impacts Britain left on India, imperialism is best understood as a strong country extending its authority, in order to increase its wealth, byRead MoreImperialism: the White Mans Burden890 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism: The White Mans Burden and the The Real White Mans Burden Well in order to show how imperialism was used in the nature of those two poems, I have to define it. Imperialism is the extension of sovereignty or control by one people or state over another. The objective is the exploitation of the controlled people or state. Imperialism has four major components: economic, military (strategic), political, and humanitarian. Imperialist powers are not bound to follow the laws, internationalRead MoreEssay on Imperialism1350 Words   |  6 Pages Imperialism is often excused as a way of liberating people from tyrannical rule or by introducing the policies of a â€Å"better† way of life. It is based on the ground of a variety of causes running the gamut of economic pressures, greed, security, power, prestige, religion, and many other effective measures that can be taken given the circumstances. Arguments about the roots and virtue of imperialism can be put into four basic groups. The first is whether or not imperialism is economically benefi cialRead MoreThe Far Reaching Effects of Imperialism1323 Words   |  5 PagesAge near the beginning of the nineteenth century also came with the rise of nationalism, or the belief that a country’s way of life was superior to others. Nationalistic ideologies, born in the coal ovens of Industry, soon gave way to systems of imperialism that would quickly take hold in other parts of the world. For the purposes of this essay, can be broadly defined as a symbiotic relationship between an industrialized state and an agrarian state in which the industrialized state almost always benefitsRead MoreEssay on Imperialism: From Europe to The West1514 Words   |  7 PagesEarly in the twentieth century, imperialism was brought up by European powers of the time; Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These nations were after raw materials in Asia, Africa, and South America and when they realize that they could not retrieve it, they began to colonize smaller counties that contain the many resources they need and used it for their benefit. Western values played a big part in European imperialism. European civilization experienced a period of extraordinary rapidRead MoreEffects Of Ww1 On South And East Asia1285 Words   |  6 PagesDavon Duncan Mr. Sipher World History AP 21 March 2016 Effects of WW1 on South and East Asia World War I, the so called war to end all wars, began in 1914 and ended in 1918. This war included the Allied Powers; which included Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy; against the Central Powers; which included Germany, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. WWI was mainly centered around Europe but had dramatic effects on the entire world but in particular SouthRead MoreIndian Independence1255 Words   |  6 PagesApril 22, 2010 Indian Independence India, in the 18th century was ruled by the British for two centuries. The Indians wanted freedom from the British. British looted and caused fights in India and treated them with no respect. The Indian Independence was caused by British Imperialism. The British wanted to take over India, but India wanted freedom as well since it’s their country not the British. Although politics and nationalism were important causes of the Indian Independence MovementRead MoreThe Effects Of British Colonization On The World Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesIndustry and imperialism became the main focus of many nations, no nation more than Great Britain. Britain already being a world power, lead the charge of industry throughout the world, using their far superior technology at the time to imperialize and colonize almost any nation that would benefit them. Britain was the workshop of the world and required an abundance of raw materials to fuel their industry. After losing a majority of its l and in the west to American independence, Britain turned itsRead More British Imperialism in India and China Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesBritish Imperialism in India and China Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. For instance Britain dominated India and China in the mid 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. Britain was imperialistic for many reasons, it could dominate because it had the technology and power to do so. They also needed land to acquire raw materials for growing markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One country

Marketing Research Activities Their Clients-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Marketing Research Activities Their Clients? Answer: Introduction Marketing research is the function, which links the consumer, customer and the public to the marketer through the help of information that is available (Malhotra, Birks and Wills 2013). The information is used to identify and define the marketing opportunities and problems, generate, refine and evaluation of the actions involved in marketing. There is also monitoring of the marketing performance along with improving the understanding of marketing as a process. The discussion in this report focuses on the impact of technology on marketing research in todays business environment. The report also discusses about the marketing research (Bloom et al. 2014). The conclusion highlights what the company stands to benefit if they adopt these new technologies into their operations. Discussion Technology has made market research easier by moving data collection capabilities online. The discussion comprises of the impact of technology on the organization, the consumer, impact on product and price, the impact on big data and technology and impact on purpose driven marketing (Baker 2012). The availability of technology that is the big data coupled with a wide variety of digital marketing channels offers with a substantial opportunity for the marketing professionals. The area of marketing has a substantial impact by the number of technological factors that are evolving with time. The organizations have access to more data than before. The modern organizations obtain, organize and utilize these data. The consumers are also impacted by the changes in technology that take place in the market. Impact of technology on the Organization Technology has had an impact on the ability to collect and organize the marketing data from the perspective of the organization. The technology provides help to channel the organization to reach its consumers. The process of developing the different types and formats of advertising assets is also enabled with the help of technology. The organizations have the scope to gather a greater amount of data and a larger space to communicate with its consumers. In the past few decades, there has been a progress in technology (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). The gathering of information and communication by the organization has become easier than before. As a marketer when one considers the impact of technology it is important to maintain relevant options and channels which are to be utilized to communicate with the existing consumers. Some of them are banner advertisements, blog posts, table ad formats, social networks, search engine results, online reviews and so on. Technology has helped to make data analytics more sophisticated in nature. This enables to strengthen the customer relationship management. Impact on the Consumers When one visualizes from the side of the consumer marketing becomes integrated towards the everyday life. Due to the enormous amount of information that is available, the consumers tend to have an impact from the privacy point of view. Another impact of technology change on marketing is the issue of ad blindness. The consumers thus tend to evolve a capacity to ignore the sponsored advertising content (Babin and Zikmund 2015). Impact on product and price The impact that technology has on the market research is very significant. The social media is a powerful market research tool. The product and consumer lifecycle is changing fast and this is occurring due to the change in technology. Technology has changed the product services. For example in this field of professional selling services, the internet is helping the organization to develop new products that are better for consumers (Haeussler, Patzelt and Zahra 2012). The use of extranet also enables the organization to be confident about certain clients. The extranets provide with access to the internal system of the firm that adds value to the service of the organization. The technology helps the customer to compare prices while buying a product and service (Rodriguez, Peterson and Ajjan 2015). The company needs to provide the similar services as its competitor at a lower price or increase the profit margin of the organization. Impact on big data and technology The big data and technological advances are providing with a whole arrangement of possibilities across the traditional quantitative and qualitative spectrum of the market research. The big data provides for the promise of sample sizes. Technology has enabled new methodologies with the help of mobile data collection tools and wearable to collect data that is close to the consumer. Thus, this helps to avoid the over-reliance on self-report. The general response within the market research industry seems to be that the big data analytics could balance rather than replacing the more traditional market research practices as the surveys and the focus groups (Chen, Chiang and Storey 2012). The market research industry has shaped new opportunities that have been offered by the big data and technology to understand the consumer behavior. The technology enabled data collection method helps the market researchers to build a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the consumers. Impact on purpose driven marketing Purpose driven marketing is becoming increasingly popular and technology plays a role in its rise. The marketers are shifting the manner in which they are thinking by information the consumers about the respective organization. The marketing research methodologies with the help of the new technology attract new customers. Conclusion The advancement of technology has a great impact on the marketing research that is due to the appearance of revolutionary new research strategy. Some of these rising technologies are the online search engines, biometrics, social media networks, and mobile phones with GPS tracking and improve in the computational speeds. The market research technology continues to evolve. The present and future trends point at the social media and user-generated feedbacks where analyzing what the consumers have said is possible rather than observing it. The ability to adapt to these new trends is an important factor for the organization to remain competitive and deliver the products and services that the consumers want and need. The main challenge for the market researchers is the ability to establish fruitful collaborations with the relevant experts who operate in the technology industry in a traditional manner. References Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Malhotra, N.K., Birks, D.F. and Wills, P., 2013.Essentials of marketing research. Pearson. Conclusion Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y. and Xu, X., 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. RodriAnswer:guez, M., Peterson, R.M. and Ajjan, H., 2015. CRM/social media technology: impact on customer orientation process and organizational sales performance. InIdeas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old(pp. 636-638). Springer, Cham. Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R. and Van Reenen, J., 2014. The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), pp.2859-2885. Baker, J., 2012. The technologyorganizationenvironment framework. InInformation systems theory(pp. 231-245). Springer New York. Haeussler, C., Patzelt, H. and Zahra, S.A., 2012. Strategic alliances and product development in high technology new firms: The moderating effect of technological capabilities.Journal of Business Venturing,27(2), pp.217-233. Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., 2012. Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact.MIS quarterly,36(4).

What problems did Russia face Essay Example

What problems did Russia face Essay Russia was one of the Great Powers of Europe, but it was the one socially, economically and politically most underdeveloped. Even though the chances to be the strongest were many, because of the numerous resources that it had In Its disposal, there were too many weaknesses In the system to reach this greatness. At that time Russia was the worlds biggest country, covering over eight million square miles and so a quarter of the worlds land surface. Since it was extended in a large part of two continents, Europe and Asia, the population, of 65 million people, contained a wide variety of ethnic groups of different race, language, religion and culture. Controlling this large multi-ethnic empire over such a vast territory had long been a major problem to the Russian government, leading many times the tsars to adopt a policy of Rustication insisting on the spread of the Russian culture, especially the use of the Russian language. This type of repression was possible because of the political system of this Empire. Based on the autocracy of the Dastard. We will write a custom essay sample on What problems did Russia face specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What problems did Russia face specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What problems did Russia face specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The tsar was an absolute ruler who had no restriction on is power, was anointed by God and had the total obedience of the people. Even if his rule was exercised through three official bodies (the Imperial Council, the Senate and the Cabinet of Ministers), he still had the last word and their role was merely to give advice. This kind of monarchy wasnt successful, because if the tsar hadnt a strong character and the skills of a leader, the system wouldnt work. Therefore, Russia had not advanced politically as the other European countries, and it still had a political system typical of the Middle Ages. Indeed, even If many tsars tried to dernier the country, they never Included In their achievements the extension of the political rights. Still, Russia did not have any form of democratic or representing government or a parliament. Political parties had no right to exist, press freedom was strictly restricted and the censorship on books and Journals was very rigorous, especially on the foreign ones, to prevent the spread of liberal and radical ideas. For the same reason universities lost their self-government and came under the government control and the fees to pay for attending it were very high, so to exclude anyone but the very wealthy. In fact the knowledge and the Ideas that spread there about the European political thought and lifestyle could have turned the people against the Russian system. However these restriction had not prevented people to embrace liberal ideas, but since they couldnt openly and legally expressed them, they had to go underground, giving life to a wide variety of secret societies of reform and revolution. As a result, the tsar established a secret private policy, whose special role was hunting down the challengers of the dastard. It was called the Shrank and ad unlimited powers of arrest and it answered only to the tsar. It had infiltrates in these rebel groups and also outside Russia, where they spied on the political exiles, and raids, arrests, Imprisonment and intern exile to Siberia became very popular. All these violence and prohibitions pushed the political activists towards extremism, and there was no moderate middle ground for debate. Even if the extremism took many 1 OFF Torts, as ten animals, ten antiphonals, etc. Etc. , teen all wanted ten political system to change and then the government answered with more repression and limitations. The reactionary and conservative character of the government affected also the development of the economy of the Empire. The majority of the people (the 82%) were in fact peasants, who, even after the emancipation of the serfs, were not completely free, in fact they had been tied to the land and were forced to live in emirs, where they were controlled by the elders. This system led to subsistence agriculture, who was still backward and allowed the famine to widespread in times of shortages of food and impeded to sell enough food at export to raise money for industrial expansion. Also the rise of entrepreneurial was discouraged by the absence of an effective banking system, capitals and by the negligence of the wealthiest. The great amount of peasants had always been a problem for Russia. On a hand, they were feared by the government, who believed that these dark masses could have turned against them and danger the wealthy and their privileges. For this reason they were allowed to attend Just the primary school, so that they were illiterate and uneducated, and not aware of how bad the situation was for them. The governing lass used to talk about the safe ignorance of the population and they believed that they could have been controlled only with violence and repression. On the other hand, such an abundance of illiterate people did not allow the working, professional and commercial classes to expand. The tsar and the government were fully supported by the Orthodox Church, a branch of Christianity independent of any outside authority. It had a strict Russian character and was conservative and deeply reactionary, because with the tsars in charge it would have maintained its powers and privileges. It teaches children and men that the tsar was guided by God and that they should have owed him total obedience. In a country were people had no voice, no right to complain or to speak their mind, it was not possible to reach a kind of society typical of the western Europe. The most important problem was that the only people who were able to change the pillars of a society so conservative were also the only ones who had no wish to do it. The problems in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century were many and concerned every area of interest, and this led to the end of a rebellion and the end of the dastard with Nicholas II.

Railroad Supply And Demand. Turner Construction Company

European Warfare Between 1100 †1400

European Warfare Between 1100 – 1400 Free Online Research Papers The Middle Ages was one of the most violent periods in the history of Europe. There were a number of large, long-term wars between the various powers of the time, for example the ‘Hundred Years War’ between England and France. This period of protracted warfare led to a change in the nature of warfare and it’s features. During the late middle ages there was a period of economic growth and prosperity. This put an increased amount of wealth and resources into the hands of the ruling elite of Europe. But rather than enjoying this wealth in peace, the rulers of the European kingdoms, being a warrior elite, chose to spend their new wealth on weaponry and warfare. The scale of military operations increased as the aristocracy became even more aggressive than before and pushed against the borders of their dominions. Medieval warfare was fought by ravaging and destruction. There was little or no distinction between soldier and civilian to the attacking armies. The armies were forced to ravage the land they attacked, as supplies were normally insufficient. This was because the logistics and process of supplying a large army was slow, costly and uncertain. For example, the historian John France explains that if each soldier eats one kilo of bread a day, and a pack horse can carry 150 kilos, then to feed a force of 3,000 you would need 140 pack horses. This would further increase as food for the horses was included, and would increase significantly if the army included cavalry, whose warhorses would require even greater supplies. Therefore armies were forced to resort to thieving and pillaging to survive. Medieval armies consisted of foot soldiers and horsemen or cavalry. Foot soldiers were usually infantrymen, consisting of peasants and other lower class members of society, and were only called into military service when required. They received little training and were poorly armed, at least at the beginning of the middle ages. They appear to have suffered from a lack of confidence in their abilities, which was a result of their low social standing but also of the lack of faith shown in them by superiors. During the period, the use of infantry became more sophisticated and organised. The use of horsemen as a cavalry unit was a popular tactic in the middle ages. The horsemen were usually knights, who could afford to own a horse and the necessary equipment. By the 13th centaury knights wore plate armour as protection from the increased use of arrows. Knights were often the only professional or semi-professional members of an army. This has meant that many historians have considered them as the integral part of a medieval army. The historian John France states that the knight was the most important element of an army. The knights were a very mobile force, but they could be limited by the landscape on which a battle occurred, which was usually more suited to a foot soldier. Knights were not an invulnerable force on the battlefield. An effectively employed infantry could defeat a cavalry charge, despite what many modern portrayals of medieval warfare in popular culture show. Foot soldiers that were disciplined, organised and well armed could withstand cavalry, forcing the knights to fight hand to hand on the ground. A major feature of medieval warfare was the introduction of new weaponry. New weapons were developed and employed by armies in the middle ages. This was due to the improving economy, which allowed for a huge increase in the production of weaponry, and therefore the improved quality of weapons. One such weapon was the crossbow, a medieval projectile weapon, which revolutionized warfare in the 11th Century. The crossbow was introduced to the English by the Norman Invaders in 1066 and became widely used among the armies of numerous countries. Crossbows were originally constructed of horn and pliable wood but were eventually made of iron which added great power to its firing. The crossbow became a popular weapon in warfare because its penetrative power was far superior to the antiquated short bow. It could fire up to 350 metres and could easily pierce chain mail or light plate suits wounding the victim terribly, and usually fatally. The bow was also noiseless, accurate and powerful, making it an ideal weapon. It was so shockingly destructive that Pope Innocent II declared the weapon barbarous to be used in warfare, except against infidels. He issued a bull against the use of the weapon in 1139 on the grounds that it was a weapon hateful to G-d and unfit for Christians. The crossbow revolutionized warfare; it rendered the cavalry soldiers and their heavy armour virtually defenceless against the agile, crossbow-armed infantrymen. Kings began to recruit more infantry armed with crossbows than cavalry soldiers. While the crossbow was indeed a lethal, effective weapon against an army of horsemen, it had its drawbacks for use in the open battlefield. It was extremely heavy and bulky and was very complex to operate. It required the archer to wind up the mechanism after each arrow had been fired. Even experienced archers could fire only one arrow per minute. After all, as described by Payne-Gallwey, the task of firing the weapon involved Taking the weapon from the shoulder of the soldier; Unhooking a windlass from a waist-belt; Fitting the windlass to the stock and string; Winding up the bow; and finally Arranging the bolt and, after taking aim, pressing the trigger. It is easy to see what a complex and tedious task it was to fire the crossbow. It was for these reasons that the weapon was best suited for sieges and defence alone. Although the crossbow was an effective lethal weapon, it was soon to be overshadowed by the English longbow, a far superior projectile firing weapon. The longbow could be as tall as seven and a half feet, and was drawn to the ear as opposed to the short bow, which was drawn only to the chest. The improved longbow could be fired only up to 250 metres, 100 metres short of the crossbows firing distance. The relatively close firing range, however, made little difference in the performance of the longbow since it was able to pierce heavy armour at a shorter distance than the crossbow could pierce chain mail and lighter armour. Another improvement in the longbow is that it could be fired with greater speed than its predecessor, the crossbow. An experienced archer could fire twenty arrows per minute, while the average archer could fire ten per minute. This made the new weapon fit for battle and operable by the less experienced archers since less practice was needed to fire the weapon. The longbow was better suited for battle than the crossbow for reasons other than its power, ease of use and quick firing capabilities. The weapon was also useful to frighten the enemy on the battlefield. When fired simultaneously, a shower of thousands of arrows could be fired upon an enemy army. Any soldier would easily fear that at least one arrow would hit him, causing them to lose morale. Descriptions from the time talk of the sky being black with arrows and how they blocked the sunlight out. Horses too were driven into frenzy over being struck with the arrows. The horses would then throw their armoured riders to the ground and bring any formation they had into confusion in their panic. In order for the shower of arrows to effectively frighten the opposing army, the longbow men required great discipline to fire at the exact same moment. The effects of the longbow would not have been as frightening had the arrows been fired one at a time. The required discipline changed the manner in which the soldiers were trained for battle. The longbow men required years of training from childhood in order to develop the strength to actually draw back 100 to 175 pounds of pressure. The crossbow was a more advantageous weapon for the simple reason that any man could fire the weapon, even an inexperienced archer. Additionally, the crossbow was, in some respects, more beneficial because the ammunition was less expensive and less bulky than conventional arrows. It was also easier to fire the crossbow from behind a shield than with a longbow. Both the crossbow and the longbow revolutionized medieval warfare. While each projectile weapon had its own advantages over the other, both played a role in changing the manner in which battles were fought, the types of soldiers that were used and the kind of training that was required. Certainly, the invention of these powerful projectile weapons, which could easily pierce the formerly impenetrable armour, brought with it a new type of strategic warfare. Another main feature of medieval warfare was the advent of the castle. A castle or fortification was not only of strategical importance, and a properly fortified military residence but also provided a safe place in which shrines could be built, were places of refuge, and places for the lords to live. Most significantly a castle provided an impressive status symbol of the power and wealth of the lord who owned it. Initially castles were designed and built to hold down conquered territory and served to intimidate and strike fear into the local community. Castles were brought to Britain by William the Conqueror, when he invaded England in 1066. William took control of his kingdom by ordering the construction of motte and bailey castles throughout his new dominion. Before the invasion of England, in the Normans other campaigns their usual tactic had been to seize a castle and use it as a base from which to terrorise and subjugate the local area. Castles were almost impossible to capture in battle, and contrary to popular belief, medieval armies rarely besieged castles. This was due to the immense cost that would be incurred in keeping an army around an area for a prolonged period of time. It was also due to the fact that the besieged castle was often better prepared for the siege than the attacking army, as well as having better conditions than whatever temporary camp the besieging army would be forced to use. As Gillingham states, campaigns against castles would still include the ‘ravaging’ of the land around it as in a normal battle, mainly because the conquest of a castle would use up a lot of resources. During the Middle Ages technological, social and cultural developments forced a change in the nature of warfare. The main development in medieval warfare was technological. The evolution of new weaponry such as the crossbow and the longbow. Without these developments warfare would have remained in a similar state to what it had been at the fall of the Roman Empire. Word Count: 1,799 Bibliography Barber, Malcom, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050 – 1320, (Oxford: Routledge, 1992) Bilson, Frank, Crossbows, (Vancouver: Douglas David and Charles Ltd., 1974) France, John, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades 1000-1300, (London: Routledge, 1999) Gillingham, John, An Age of Expansion c.1020-1204, in M. Keen, ed., Medieval Warfare, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) Hindley, Geoffrey, Medieval Warfare. (London: Wayland Publishers, 1971) Housley, Norman, European Warfare c.1200-1320, in M. Keen, ed., Medieval Warfare, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) Koenigsberger, H.G., Medieval Europe 400 – 1500, (Essex: Pearson Education Ltd., 1987) Payne-Gallwey, Sir Ralph, The Crossbow: Its Military and Sporting History, Construction and Use. (London: Skyhorse Publishing Ltd. 2007) (Originally published 1901) Prestwich, Michael, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.) Verbruggen, J.F., The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages, (Suffolk: Boydell Brewer, 1997) Villalon A. and Kagay D., Crusaders, Condottieri and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean, (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2003) Research Papers on European Warfare Between 1100 - 1400Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Open Architechture a white paperGenetic EngineeringWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

A contevrsary about social, political , and cultural impacts of Research Paper - 1

A contevrsary about social, political , and cultural impacts of science and technology on socity - Research Paper Example Most of the traditional studies are still focusing narrowly on how to make new things rather than whether these innovations are desirable or necessary to the society (Bell, 2006). This paper purports to discuss the political, social, and cultural impacts of science and technology to the society. Political impacts do with the mode in which science and technology advancement influences policies and policy-makers (Zeleza, 2004). This includes the attitudes and interests of administrators, politicians, and the public towards an issue of community interest towards science and technology, the actions of the public, and individuals’ involvement in science and technology solutions (Bulger, 2005). We are currently living in a digital world whereby science and technology advancement is changing processing, ownership, and usage of information. This revolution causes both positive and negative impacts to the political status of many countries. The key to success of any country’s democracy is a well-informed public. Science and technology advancement has improved the nature of intellectual property rights and that of copyrights (Zeleza, 2004). In future, intellectual property rights’ harmonization and biodiversity conservation are going to improve due to technologic al advancement. The fundamental political development in most countries is highly influenced by science and technology advancement since governments are able to distribute political, social, and economical information to its society (Cutcliffe, 2007). In order for a country to experience a friendly democracy, the society must have full access to basic economic and political information. Advancement of technology such as social media networks enables people to share political information and ideas with other people (Bulger, 2005). Science and technology advancement is making it easier and possible to distribute political information beyond place and time reaching to a